Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to remove kidney stones. It involves making a small incision in the patient's back and inserting a nephroscope (a tube with a camera and instruments) into the kidney to locate and remove the stones. PCNL is typically used for large or complex kidney stones that cannot be effectively treated with other non-invasive methods such as shockwave lithotripsy. The procedure is generally safe and effective, with a high success rate in removing kidney stones while minimizing the risk of complications. PCNL is considered a standard treatment option for patients with kidney stones that are causing symptoms or complications.